Example use of colorplane with the iris dataset.
The colorplaner R package is a ggplot2 extension to visualize two variables through one color aesthetic via mapping to a color space projection. With this technique for 2-D color mapping, one can create a dichotomous choropleth in R as well as other visualizations with bivariate color scales. The extension implements two new scales, scale_color_colorplane and scale_fill_colorplane, two new aesthetics, color2 and fill2, and a new guide guide_colorplane.
Example use of colorplane with the iris dataset.
In The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Edward Tufte praises cartographic visualizations as inherently highly dimensional due to their geographic data. However, in practice these visualizations are generally not used to describe the intricacies of borders but instead to portray specific properties of geographic regions. In this sense, the typical choropleth is limited to only a single data dimension displayed as the filled-in color of the regions through a gradient or qualitative color scale.
The colorplaner package is an exploration into increasing the dimensionality of color-based aesthetic mapping in data visualizations. If color can be used to effectively and intuitively convey the information contained in two variables, then an additional dimension can be added to choropleths or any visualization using color. As the typical color gradient scale is one-dimensional and is defined with the ubiquitous color bar guide, the addition of a second variable would create a two-dimensional color scale that would necessitate a plane of colors to guide interpretation.
The spectrum of possible colors can be defined though a variety of different color space systems. Many of these use three parameters to define an individual color and thus can be represented as a 3-dimensional volume with a different color at each {x, y, z} point. While this could facilitate mapping three data variables to color using any arbitrary color space system, the results would not necessarily be readily interpretable.
The YUV color space (wikipedia) was designed at the advent of color television broadcasting to encode color data in a manner that would be backwards-compatible with monochrome displays. To do this, the luminance of each pixel is encoded into one component (Y), which provides all of the information for monochromatic display, and all of the color information (chrominance) is encoded into the remaining two components (U & V).
When Y is held constant, the remaining color space is a U-V plane of all possible colors as that brightness level, and it appears as if delineated into four quadrants of color regions: green, orange, magenta, and blue.
With Y held at 30%, this U-V color plane can be visually divided into 4 color quadrants.
Mapping data variables to these U and V components transforms this color plane into a scale that produces a unique color for each combination of values of the two variables. Due to the the quadrant-like color regions, one may readily determine whether the values each mapped point are above or below the midpoint of the range of each variable. For example, a point in rendered in a shade of blue will represent a value greater than the midpoint of the horizontal variable and below the midpoint of the vertical variable. The gradient blending of colors also allows for more granular comparisons. If comparing two points rendered in shades of green, a a shade with more blue, such as teal, indicates a higher value for the horizontal variable, a shade with more red, such as olive, indicates a higher value for the vertical variable. As both variables approach their midpoints, the rendered shades are less saturated leading towards gray at the center, and, as both variables approach their limits, the shades are more saturated versions of the respective quadrant color.
The plots below present a subset of the iris data set with an annotated colorplane scale. In the main plot, the x and y positions of points represent the length and width of petals and the colors of the points represent the sepal length and width through a colorplane scale. In the annotated colorplane scale, the color mappings of individual flowers (identified by letter) are displayed by sepal length and width so that the color under each point marked on the colorplane scale is the same as the color used in the main plot for the corresponding letter.
The points labeled c and m near the center of the main plot both appear in shades of green making it clear that both have sepal lengths and widths in the smaller range, and point c is more vibrant, indicating a more extreme value. The annotated colorplane scale confirms these observations, revealing that both have sepal lengths of approximately 5cm and that flower c has the shorter sepal width.
Points b and d appear in shades of fuchsia and blue, respectively. This indicates that both have sepal lengths in the upper half of the data range and that b has a longer sepal width.
Points a, f, and o have colors in the region at the intersection of the green and red quadrants. Comparing the shades of the points reveals increasing quantities of red from o to f to a and thus also indicates the same ranking for increasing sepal width of the flowers.
Just as the positional scales of the plot reveal the positive correlation between petal length and petal width, the colorplane scale reveals relationships between sepal length and sepal width as well as relationships between these variables and the petal length and width. The concentration of green and olive in the lower left quadrant of the plot and blue and purple in the upper right indicates that sepal length increases with petal length and petal width. Conversely, the presence of olive and blue alongside green and purple reveals that sepal width is not simply correlated with the other variables. Analysis via Pearson’s correlation coefficient confirms these observations.
cor(as.matrix(iris[ , 1:4]), method = "pearson") ## Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
## Sepal.Length 1.0000000 -0.1175698 0.8717538 0.8179411
## Sepal.Width -0.1175698 1.0000000 -0.4284401 -0.3661259
## Petal.Length 0.8717538 -0.4284401 1.0000000 0.9628654
## Petal.Width 0.8179411 -0.3661259 0.9628654 1.0000000The magnitude of correlation coefficients between petal length, petal width, and sepal length are all greater than 0.8 while those including sepal width are all lesser than 0.5.
The colorplane scale can also reveal details about the distributions of mapped variables. Olive appearing alongside saturated green suggests high variance in sepal width when sepal length is small, yet the lack of bright blue or magenta shades also indicates lower variance in sepal width when sepal length is large. Calculating the variance for each segment confirms that sepal width varies more than twice as much when the sepal length is small.
var(iris$Sepal.Width[iris$Sepal.Length <= mean(range(iris$Sepal.Length))])## [1] 0.2425241var(iris$Sepal.Width[iris$Sepal.Length > mean(range(iris$Sepal.Length))])## [1] 0.09739394The use of smooth gradients across the full chromatic spectrum has some inherent limitations. Individuals with colorblindness will perceive only a one-dimensional gradient. With red-green colorblindness, Protanopia or Deuteranopia, only changes in the horizontal axis variable will be visible and will appear as a yellow to blue gradient. Conversely, for Tritanopia, vertical changes will be visible as a teal to pink gradient and no horizontal changes will be visible. Differences in computer displays and printers can also cause the colors and scale to appear differently, offsetting the apparent intersections of color regions and the location of the gray center. Finally, optical illusions can also affect perception of the colorplane scale. The color for the point labeled a in the interpretation example appears brown on the main plot, but the corresponding point in the colorplane scale appears to be a lighter orange to some viewers. Both are rendered as identically colored pixels, but the surrounding colors lead to differing perceptions.
To implement color plane mapping in a ggplot, simply create aesthetic mappings to color and color2 or fill and fill2 and add the corresponding colorplane scale to the plot. The colorplane guide is added by default.
ggplot(iris, aes(x = Petal.Length, y = Petal.Width, shape = Species,
color = Sepal.Length, color2 = Sepal.Width)) +
geom_point() +
scale_color_colorplane()
if(require(mapproj)) {
crimes <- data.frame(state = tolower(rownames(USArrests)), USArrests)
states_map <- map_data("state")
ggplot(crimes, aes(map_id = state, fill = Murder, fill2 = UrbanPop)) +
geom_map(map = states_map) +
scale_fill_colorplane() +
expand_limits(x = states_map$long, y = states_map$lat) +
coord_map()
}
Modeled after ggplot2, colorplaner provides sensible defaults yet allows ample adjustment of options to refine the output. The example crime statistics map can be modified with the following changes:
axis.text, axis.ticks) and move the guide below the map (legend.position).label.theme, label_y.theme), as they would otherwise inherit the changes made to the main plot theme.axis_title, axis_title_y, title)fill2, labels_y)limits_y).label.position, label.y.position)axis.title.position)Additional options and details are described in the package documentation: ?scale_color_colorplane and ?guide_colorplane.
if(require("maps")) {
crimes <- data.frame(state = tolower(rownames(USArrests)), USArrests)
states_map <- map_data("state")
ggplot(crimes,
aes(map_id = state, fill = Murder, fill2 = UrbanPop/100)) +
geom_map(map = states_map) +
scale_fill_colorplane(labels_y = scales::percent,
axis_title = "Murder arrests\nper 100,000 people",
axis_title_y = "Percent Urban\nPopulation",
limits_y = c(0,1)) +
expand_limits(x = states_map$long, y = states_map$lat) +
coord_map() +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank()) +
labs(x = "", y = "", title = paste("1973 U.S. Arrest Data:\nMurder Rate",
"v. Urban Population by State")) +
guides(fill = guide_colorplane(
title = "State Color Key",
title.theme = element_text(size = 13),
label.theme = theme_gray(),
label.y.theme = theme_gray(),
axis.title.position = "top",
label.position = c("top", "bottom"),
label.y.position = c("left", "right")))
}