Example usage
The following example extracts the last twelve observations of headline and “core” HICP inflation for a number of countries available in the ICP database. See details below on how to use the filter parameter and how to find and use the SDW series keys.
library(ecb)
library(ggplot2)
key <- "ICP.M.DE+FR+ES+IT+NL+U2.N.000000+XEF000.4.ANR"
filter <- list(lastNObservations = 12, detail = "full")
hicp <- get_data(key, filter)
hicp$obstime <- convert_dates(hicp$obstime)
ggplot(hicp, aes(x = obstime, y = obsvalue, color = title)) +
geom_line() +
facet_wrap(~ref_area, ncol = 3) +
theme_bw(8) +
theme(legend.position = "bottom") +
labs(x = NULL, y = "Percent per annum\n", color = NULL,
title = "HICP - headline and core\n")
Details
The filter option
The filter option of get_data() takes a named list of key-value pairs. If left blank, it returns all data for the current version.
Available filter parameters:
startPeriod & endPeriod
YYYY for annual data (e.g.: 2013)YYYY-S[1-2] for semi-annual data (e.g.: 2013-S1)YYYY-Q[1-4] for quarterly data (e.g.: 2013-Q1)YYYY-MM for monthly data (e.g.: 2013-01)YYYY-W[01-53] for weekly data (e.g.: 2013-W01)YYYY-MM-DD for daily data (e.g.: 2013-01-01)
updatedAfter
- A timestamp to retrieve the latest version of changed values in the database since a certain point in time
- Example:
filter = list(updatedAfter = 2009-05-15T14:15:00+01:00)
firstNObservations & lastNObservations
- Example:
filter = list(firstNObservations = 12) retrieves the first 12 observations of all specified series
detail
- Possible options:
full/dataonly/serieskeysonly/nodata
dataonly is the default- Use
serieskeysonly or nodata to list series that match a certain query, without returning the actual data
- An alternative to using
serieskeys/nodata is the convenience function get_dimensions(), which returns a list of dataframes with dimensions and explanations (see extended example below).
full returns both the series values and all metadata. This entails retrieving much more data than with the dataonly option.
includeHistory
false (default) returns only version currently in productiontrue returns version currently in production, as well as all previous versions
See the SDW API for more details.
Using SDW keys
The easiest way to find and learn more about SDW series key is to browse the SDW website. After finding the series one is interested in, and applying the relevant filters (frequency, geographic area, etc), one can just copy the key:
The SDW website also has provides all the necessary metadata, so it is much easier to explore data availability (in terms of available breakdowns, time periods, etc) directly on the website than it is to do it directly through the ecb package.
The ecb package supports using wildcards in the series key, which takes the form of simply leaving the wildcard dimension empty. For example, the key ICP.M.DE.N.000000.4.ANR retrieves HICP data for Germany (DE), while leaving the third dimension empty - ICP.M..N.000000.4.ANR - retrieves the same data for all available countries and country groups.
Instead of wildcarding, one can use the + operator to specify multiple values for a dimension. For example, ICP.M.DE.N.000000+XEF000.4.ANR retrieves both headline inflation (000000) and core inflation (XEF000). Learning that e.g. XEF000 corresponds to core inflation would be done by browsing the SDW website:
To remind oneself of what different values for different dimensions mean, one can use the get_dimensions) function, which returns a list of dataframes:
dims <- get_dimensions("ICP.M.DE.N.000000+XEF000.4.ANR")
lapply(dims, head)
## $ICP.M.DE.N.000000.4.ANR
## dim value
## 1 FREQ M
## 2 REF_AREA DE
## 3 ADJUSTMENT N
## 4 ICP_ITEM 000000
## 5 STS_INSTITUTION 4
## 6 ICP_SUFFIX ANR
##
## $ICP.M.DE.N.XEF000.4.ANR
## dim value
## 1 FREQ M
## 2 REF_AREA DE
## 3 ADJUSTMENT N
## 4 ICP_ITEM XEF000
## 5 STS_INSTITUTION 4
## 6 ICP_SUFFIX ANR
Extended example
As a more extended example, we will retrieve data to plot the annual change in wages against the annual change in unemployment. Economic theory suggests a negative relationship between these two variables.
We start by retrieving the two series, using wildcards for the geographic area dimension:
unemp <- get_data("STS.A..N.UNEH.RTT000.4.AV3",
filter = list(startPeriod = "2000"))
wages <- get_data("MNA.A.N..W2.S1.S1._Z.COM_HW._Z._T._Z.IX.V.N",
filter = list(startPeriod = "2000"))
head(unemp)
## freq ref_area adjustment sts_concept sts_class sts_institution
## 1 A AT N UNEH RTT000 4
## 2 A AT N UNEH RTT000 4
## 3 A AT N UNEH RTT000 4
## 4 A AT N UNEH RTT000 4
## 5 A AT N UNEH RTT000 4
## 6 A AT N UNEH RTT000 4
## sts_suffix obstime obsvalue
## 1 AV3 2000 4.27
## 2 AV3 2001 4.02
## 3 AV3 2002 4.10
## 4 AV3 2003 4.38
## 5 AV3 2004 4.88
## 6 AV3 2005 5.30
head(wages)
## freq adjustment ref_area counterpart_area ref_sector counterpart_sector
## 1 A N AT W2 S1 S1
## 2 A N AT W2 S1 S1
## 3 A N AT W2 S1 S1
## 4 A N AT W2 S1 S1
## 5 A N AT W2 S1 S1
## 6 A N AT W2 S1 S1
## accounting_entry sto instr_asset activity expenditure unit_measure
## 1 _Z COM_HW _Z _T _Z IX
## 2 _Z COM_HW _Z _T _Z IX
## 3 _Z COM_HW _Z _T _Z IX
## 4 _Z COM_HW _Z _T _Z IX
## 5 _Z COM_HW _Z _T _Z IX
## 6 _Z COM_HW _Z _T _Z IX
## prices transformation obstime obsvalue
## 1 V N 2000 76.67950
## 2 V N 2001 78.19106
## 3 V N 2002 80.03906
## 4 V N 2003 81.76739
## 5 V N 2004 83.08288
## 6 V N 2005 85.37658
To get a human-readable description of a series:
desc <- head(get_description("STS.A..N.UNEH.RTT000.4.AV3"), 3)
strwrap(desc, width = 80)
## [1] "Estonia - Standardised unemployment, Rate, Total (all ages), Total (male and"
## [2] "female); 3-year average; Eurostat; Neither seasonally nor working day adjusted,"
## [3] "percentage of civilian workforce"
## [4] "Poland - Standardised unemployment, Rate, Total (all ages), Total (male and"
## [5] "female); 3-year average; Eurostat; Neither seasonally nor working day adjusted,"
## [6] "percentage of civilian workforce"
## [7] "Italy - Standardised unemployment, Rate, Total (all ages), Total (male and"
## [8] "female); 3-year average; Eurostat; Neither seasonally nor working day adjusted,"
## [9] "percentage of civilian workforce"
We now join together the two data sets:
library(dplyr)
##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'
##
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag
##
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
unemp <- unemp %>% select(ref_area, obstime, "unemp" = obsvalue)
wages <- wages %>% select(ref_area, obstime, "wage" = obsvalue)
df <- left_join(unemp, wages)
## Joining by: c("ref_area", "obstime")
head(df)
## Source: local data frame [6 x 4]
##
## ref_area obstime unemp wage
## (chr) (chr) (dbl) (dbl)
## 1 AT 2000 4.27 76.67950
## 2 AT 2001 4.02 78.19106
## 3 AT 2002 4.10 80.03906
## 4 AT 2003 4.38 81.76739
## 5 AT 2004 4.88 83.08288
## 6 AT 2005 5.30 85.37658
Finally, we plot the annual change in wages against the annual change in unemployment for all countries:
library(ggplot2)
df %>%
filter(complete.cases(.)) %>%
group_by(ref_area) %>%
mutate(d_wage = c(NA, diff(wage)) / lag(wage),
d_unemp = c(NA, diff(unemp))) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = d_unemp, y = d_wage)) +
geom_point() +
facet_wrap(~ref_area, scales = "free") +
theme_bw(8) +
theme(strip.background = element_blank()) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm") +
labs(x = "\nAnnual change in unemployment", y = "Annual change in wages\n",
title = "Relationship between wages and unemployment\n")
At a first glance, most countries indeed seem to follow the prediction of a negative relationship between wages and unemployment.